Household Characteristics and Settlement-Environment-Based Multidimensional Poverty in Gorontalo Province, Indonesia: A Multilevel Logistic Regression Analysis
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.38035/ijam.v5i3.2320Keywords:
Multidimensional Poverty, Household Characteristics, Settlement Environment, Multilevel Logistic Regression, GorontaloAbstract
Poverty assessment in Indonesian regions still relies mainly on a monetary line. Deprivations in settlement services, including household waste disposal, largely unobserved. Studies of the household determinants of multidimensional poverty seldom check whether reported associations survive once explanatory variables that overlap with index components are considered. This study examines whether household characteristics are associated with the probability of settlement-environment-based multidimensional poverty in Gorontalo Province. Data on 3,567 households came from the March 2025 National Socioeconomic Survey. Poverty status was identified with the Alkire-Foster method using ten indicators and a one-third cut-off, and its correlates were estimated with a two-level random-intercept logistic regression that accounts for the clustering of sampled households. The headcount ratio was 10.54 percent, and education contributed the largest share of the index. Household characteristics were jointly significant: the expenditure quintile showed a steep and stable gradient, and a higher dependency ratio raised the odds of poverty. A dimension-exclusion robustness test revealed that the apparent effects of the head's education and household size were largely artefacts of the schooling indicator. The novelty lies in a household waste indicator and a test separating substantive determinants from measurement artefacts.
References
Abubakar, I. R. (2022). Multidimensional poverty among Nigerian households: Sustainable development implications. Social Indicators Research, 164(2), 993–1014. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-022-02963-0
Alkire, S., & Foster, J. (2011). Counting and multidimensional poverty measurement. Journal of Public Economics, 95(7–8), 476–487. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2010.11.006
Alkire, S., Nogales, R., Quinn, N. N., & Suppa, N. (2021). Global multidimensional poverty and COVID-19: A decade of progress at risk? Social Science & Medicine, 291, 114457. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2021.114457
Alkire, S., Nogales, R., Quinn, N. N., & Suppa, N. (2023). On track or not? Projecting the global Multidimensional Poverty Index. Journal of Development Economics, 165, 103150. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2023.103150
Aminah, S., Mulyadi, M., Saksono, H., Nasution, U. B., Wati, R., Prihadini, D., Djarwadi, D., Nuryana, M., Rahmawati, N. F., & Sumidartiny, A. N. (2025). Uncovering multidimensional determinants of household extreme poverty in Southwest Papua, Indonesia. Poverty & Public Policy, 17(4), e70041. https://doi.org/10.1002/pop4.70041
Artha, D. R. P., & Dartanto, T. (2018). The multidimensional approach to poverty measurement in Indonesia: Measurements, determinants and its policy implications. Journal of Economic Cooperation and Development, 39(3), 1–38.
Austin, P. C., & Merlo, J. (2017). Intermediate and advanced topics in multilevel logistic regression analysis. Statistics in Medicine, 36(20), 3257–3277. https://doi.org/10.1002/sim.7336
BPS Provinsi Gorontalo. (2025). Profil kemiskinan di Provinsi Gorontalo Maret 2025 [Berita Resmi Statistik]. Badan Pusat Statistik Provinsi Gorontalo.
Ekaputri, R. A., Sukiyono, K., Yefriza, Y., Febriani, R. E., & Nopiah, R. (2025). Gendered dimensions of poverty in Indonesia: A study of financial inclusion and the influence of female-headed households. Economies, 13(8), 240. https://doi.org/10.3390/economies13080240
Eshetu, F., Haji, J., Ketema, M., & Mehare, A. (2022). Determinants of rural multidimensional poverty of households in Southern Ethiopia. Cogent Social Sciences, 8(1), 2123084. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311886.2022.2123084
Harianto, S. (2026). Multidimensional poverty among households in Indonesia: Evidence from the National Socio-Economic Survey, 2022–2024. Multidisciplinary Science Journal, 8(12), 2026793. https://doi.org/10.31893/multiscience.2026793
Hutagalung, I. R., Anggraini, N., Muis, R., Khair, H., Rachman, I., Matsumoto, T., Ramadan, B. S., & Puspita, A. S. (2026). Determinants of household waste handling practices in a rapidly growing Indonesian city: A case study of Medan City. International Journal of Design & Nature and Ecodynamics, 21(3), 727–738. https://doi.org/10.18280/ijdne.210311
Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia. (2019). Peraturan Menteri Kesehatan Nomor 28 Tahun 2019 tentang angka kecukupan gizi yang dianjurkan untuk masyarakat Indonesia. Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia.
Maryati, S., Ahaliki, B., Bau, R. T. R. L., Hermila, A., & Engelen, A. (2025). Analisis pola penanganan sampah rumah tangga dan distribusi infrastruktur persampahan di Kota Gorontalo. Geosfera: Jurnal Penelitian Geografi, 4(1), 162–173.
Merlo, J., Chaix, B., Ohlsson, H., Beckman, A., Johnell, K., Hjerpe, P., Råstam, L., & Larsen, K. (2006). A brief conceptual tutorial of multilevel analysis in social epidemiology: Using measures of clustering in multilevel logistic regression to investigate contextual phenomena. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 60(4), 290–297. https://doi.org/10.1136/jech.2004.029454
Pujiwati, L. A., Afriyanni, A., Harfina, D., & Fatoni, Z. (2025). Kemiskinan multidimensi dan ketahanan pangan: Analisis multilevel di Kalimantan. Jurnal Ekonomi Kependudukan dan Keluarga, 2(2), Article 3. https://doi.org/10.7454/jekk.v2i2.1087
Putra, D. A. N., & Istiana, N. (2025). Multidimensional poverty of older adults in Java Island: A multilevel binary logistic regression analysis. Jurnal Statistika dan Aplikasinya, 9(1), 50–64. https://doi.org/10.21009/JSA.09105
Rabe-Hesketh, S., & Skrondal, A. (2012). Multilevel and longitudinal modeling using Stata (3rd ed.). Stata Press.
Ramadan, B. S., Rachman, I., & Matsumoto, T. (2022). Activity and emission inventory of open waste burning at the household level in developing countries: A case study of Semarang City. Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management, 24, 1194–1204. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10163-022-01371-3
Rizal, R. N., Hartono, D., Dartanto, T., & Gultom, Y. M. L. (2024). Multidimensional energy poverty: A study of its measurement, decomposition, and determinants in Indonesia. Heliyon, 10(3), e24135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e24135
Saleem, S., Aslam, M., Sherwani, R. A. K., Jadoon, A. K., Sarwar, A., & Butt, I. (2023). Determinants of rural household poverty in Pakistan with multilevel approach. Cogent Economics & Finance, 11(1), 2202048. https://doi.org/10.1080/23322039.2023.2202048
Self, S. G., & Liang, K.-Y. (1987). Asymptotic properties of maximum likelihood estimators and likelihood ratio tests under nonstandard conditions. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 82(398), 605–610. https://doi.org/10.1080/01621459.1987.10478472
Septa, D., Acharya, R., & Dhanora, M. (2024). Determinants of multidimensional poverty: A study of the rural district of Madhya Pradesh. Journal of Development Policy and Practice, 10(2), 145–170. https://doi.org/10.1177/24551333241285537
Shah, S., & Debnath, N. (2022). Determinants of multidimensional poverty in rural Tripura, India. Journal of Quantitative Economics, 20(1), 69–95. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40953-021-00256-w
Soseco, T., Hidayah, I., & Rini, A. D. (2022). Gender determinant on Multidimensional Poverty Index: Evidence from Indonesia. Jurnal Ilmu Sosial dan Ilmu Politik, 26(2), 137–151. https://doi.org/10.22146/jsp.69320
Sugiharti, L., Esquivias, M. A., Shaari, M. S., Jayanti, A. D., & Ridzuan, A. R. (2023). Indonesia's poverty puzzle: Chronic vs. transient poverty dynamics. Cogent Economics & Finance, 11(2), 2267927. https://doi.org/10.1080/23322039.2023.2267927
Suppa, N., & Kanagaratnam, U. (2025). The global Multidimensional Poverty Index: Harmonised level estimates and their changes over time. Scientific Data, 12, 153. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-024-04269-x
Tran, T. Q., Nguyen, T. H. T., Hoang, Q. N., & Nguyen, V. D. (2022). The influence of contextual and household factors on multidimensional poverty in rural Vietnam: A multilevel regression analysis. International Review of Economics & Finance, 78, 390–403. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iref.2021.12.012
United Nations. (2015). Transforming our world: The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development (A/RES/70/1). United Nations General Assembly.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Abdurrahman Assel, Mahludin H Baruwadi, Sri Endang Saleh, Ani M Hasan, Margaretha Solang
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish their manuscripts in this journal agree to the following conditions:
- The copyright on each article belongs to the author(s).
- The author acknowledges that the International Journal of Advanced Multidisciplinary (IJAM) has the right to be the first to publish with a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license (Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0).
- Authors can submit articles separately, arrange for the non-exclusive distribution of manuscripts that have been published in this journal into other versions (e.g., sent to the author's institutional repository, publication into books, etc.), by acknowledging that the manuscript has been published for the first time in the International Journal of Advanced Multidisciplinary (IJAM).
