Age and Educational Level on Psychological Empowerment and Affective Commitment to Change
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.38035/ijam.v1i4.111Keywords:
Affective commitment to change, Psychological empowerment, Age, Educational level, NGO.Abstract
Abstract: People cannot be separated from their characteristics, including age and education, as they are embedded in the person. These characteristics impact their personalities includinh their psychological empowerment, and attitudes toward change of the people in the organization. This research aims to identify the impact of age and educational level on affective commitment and psychological empowerment. The data were collected from 4 (four) local NGOs in Jakarta, with 113 respondents. The findings of the study revealed that age and educational level positively correlate with affective commitment to change, means that the older the people the higher their score on affective commitment. Further, the higher the level of education of people, the higher score of their affective commitment to change. Meanwhile, there is no significant relationship found between age and education with psychological empowerment. Results can be used for change management, especially in terms of choosing a change leader, which showed that the higher level of education and the older/senior people are more suitable to become the change leader, as they have higher score on affective commitment to change. However, this result cannot be generalized to all types of organizations as the results in various types of organizations were not consistent, and this result based on NGO organizations.
References
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Giovanita, D. and Mangundjaya, W. 2017. “Transformational leadership vs. change self-efficacy and its impact on affective commitment to change”. Journal of Management and Marketing Review. Vol. (4), pp: 13-18.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.12962/j26151847.v2i2.4340
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https://doi.org/10.1504/ijpspm.2019.10017038
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Mangundjaya, W.L. and Wicaksana, S. 2021. “The linkage of leadership, psychological empowerment, and employee engagement with affective commitment to change: a study at public/state-owned organization”. International Journal of Human Capital. Vol. 5 (2), pp: 71-81. https://doi.org/10.21009/ijhcm.05.02.7
Mangundjaya, W.L. and Gandakusuma, I. 2013. “The role of leadership & readiness for change to commitment to change”. Romanian Economic and Business Review, Vol. 192. http://www.rebe.rau.ro/repec/rau/journl/wi13s/rebe-wi13s-a18.pdf
Mangundjaya, W.L 2013. Affective commitment to change, change leadership, and psychological empowerment. Limited publication. Faculty of Psychology, Universitas Indonesia.
Meyer, J.P., Stanley, D.J., Hercovitch, L., and Topolnytsky, L. 2002. “Affective, continuance, and normative commitment to organization: A meta-analysis of antecedents, correlates, and consequences”. Journal of Vocational Behaviour. Vol. 61 (1), pp: 20-52.
Millessen, J.L. and Carman, G.J. 2019. “Building capacity in nonprofit boards: Learning from board self-assessments”. Journal of Public and Nonprofit Affairs. Vol. 5 (1), pp: 74-94. https://doi.org/10.20899/jpna.5.1.74-94
Muzdalifah, N. and Mangundjaya, W.L. 2019. “Persepsi dukungan organisasi, rasa berdaya psikologis, dan pengaruhnya terhadap keterikatan karyawan pertelevisian (Perceived organizational supports, psychological empowerment and its impacts on employee engagement at the television company”. Mediapsi, Vol. 5 (1), pp: 1-15.
https://doi.org/10.21776/ub.mps.2019.005.01.1
Newstrom, John W. 2007. Organizational behavior: Human behavior at work, (12th ed.). McGraw-Hill:New York.
Nifadkar, R.S. and Dongre, A.P. 2014. “To study the impact of job satisfaction and demographic factors on organizational commitment among girls’ college Pune, India”. Journal of Business Management and Social Sciences Research. Vol. 3 (1), pp: 1-8.
Nora, Elfia and Bukhori, Imam. 2021. “Analysis influences teacher empowerment, job characteristics, and partnerships with school committees on teacher performance roudlatun nasyiin Mojokerto”. Journal of Education and Social Sciences, Vol. 18, Issue 1.
Nunnally, J.C., and Bernstein, Ira H. 1994. Psychometric theory, (3rd ed.). McGraw-Hill: New York.
O’Brien, James A. and Marakas, George M. 2010. Management information systems: Managing information technology in the bussiness enterprise, (15th ed.). McGraw-Hill:New York.
Packard, T. 2012. “Organizational change in nonprofit organizations: Implications for human resource management”. Human Resource Management in the Nonprofit Sector, pp: 221-242. http://dx.doi.org/10.4337/9780857937292.00017
Pettit, T., Donohue, R., and De Cieri, H. 2004. “Career stage, organisational commitment and organizational citizenship behaviour”. Working Paper Series 58/04. Department of Management:Monash University.
Primawidi, S. and Mangundjaya, W.L. 2020. “Organizational justice and affective commitment to change in employees of multifinancial service company”. Jurnal Psikologi Universitas Diponegoro. Vo1. 9 (1), pp: 51-60, https://doi.org/10.14710/jp.19.1.51-60
Puspitasari, D.A. and Mangundjaya, W. 2020. “Leader-member exchange and affective commitment to change: Mediating role of change self-efficacy”. Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research. Vol. 431, pp: 60-65. 3rd Forum in Research, Science, and Technology (FIRST 2019), DOI: http://doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.200407.011
Radian, N.N. and Mangundjaya, W.L. 2019. “Individual readiness for change as mediator between transformational leadership and commitment affective to change”. Jurnal Manajemen Aset Infrastruktur & Fasilitas. Vol. 3 (1). https://dx.doi.org/10.12962/j26151847.v3i1.5158
Robbins, Stephen P., and Judge, Timothy A. 2013. Organizational behaviour. Pearson Education:Boston.
Robinson, M.A. 2017. “Using multi-item psychometric scales for research and practice in human resource management”. Human Resource Management. Vol. 57 (3), 739-750. https://doi.org/10.1002/hrm.21852
Santoso, A.R. and Mangundjaya, W.L. 2018. “Pengaruh persepsi dukungan organisasi terhadap komitmen afektif untuk berubah: Studi kasus pada Kementerian PUPR yang sedang mengalami perubahan reformasi birokrasi”. Jurnal Infrastruktur. Vol. 4 (01), pp: 53-60.
Spreitzer, Gretchen M. 2007. “Taking stock: A review of more than twenty years of research on empowerment at work”. In C. Cooper and J. Barling (eds.), The handbook of organizational behavior. Sage Publications:Thousand Oaks, CA.
Spreitzer, Gretchen M., and Doneson, D. 2005. “Musings on the past and future of employee empowerment”. In T. Cummings (ed.), Handbook of organizational development. Sage Publications:Thousand Oaks, CA.
Stouten, J., Rousseau, D.M., and De Cremer, D. 2018. “Successful organizational change: integrating the management practice and scholarly literatures”. Academy of Management Annals. Vol. 12 (2), pp: 752-788.
https://doi.org/10.5465/annals.2016.0095
Susilo and Mangundjaya, W.L. 2020. “Testing mediation of psychological empowerment, work engagement to affective commitment to change”. Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research. Vol. 431, pp: 66-73. Proceeding of the 3rd Forum in Research, Science, and Technology (FIRST 2019).
Susilo and Mangundjaya, W.L. 2019. “Testing the mediating role of work engagement in the relationship between resistence to change and affective commitment to change”. Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Inclusive Business in the Changing World (ICIB 2019), pp: 151-158. http://doi.org/10.5220/0008428601510158
Thiranavukkawasa, S.J. and Velnampy, T. 2009. “Organizational environment and employee psychological empowerment in the international nongovernmental sector”. Research Gate, pp: 529-540.
Werker, E. and Ahmed, F.Z. 2008. “What do nongovernmental organizations do?” Journal of Economic Perspectives. Vol. 22 (2), pp: 73-92.
Ajayi, V.O. 2017. “Primary sources of data and secondary sources of data”. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.24292.68481
Akinyemi, A.I., and Isiugo-Abanihe, U.C. 2014. “Demographic dynamics and development in Nigeria”. African Population Studies. Vol. 27 (2), pp: 239-248.
Amangala, E.A. and Wali, A.F. 2013. “Internal marketing orientation, employee motivation and bank performance”. International Journal of Management Sciences. Vol. 1 (2), pp: 51-57.
Bakoti, D. 2021. “How do demographic characteristics relate to organizational commitment? Evidence from Croatia”. Economic Research-ekonomska istraživanja. Vol. 35 (1), pp: 3551–3570. https://doi.org/10.1080/1331677x.2021.1997624
Balogun, J., Hope-Hailey, V., Johnson, G., and Scholes, K. 2008. Exploring strategic change (3rd ed.). Prentice Hall:London.
Booth-Kewley, S., Dell’Acqua, R.G., and Thomsen, C.J. 2017. “Factors affecting organizational commitment in Navy Corpsmen”. Military Medicine. Vol. 182, Issue 7, pp: 1794-1800. https://doi.org/10.7205/mil-med-d-16-00316
Champoux, Joseph E. 2011. Organizational behaviour: Integrating individuals, groups, and organizations (4th ed.). Routledge:New York.
Elkhdr, H. and Kanbur, A. 2018. “Organizational commitment in relation to demographic characteristics among lecturers working at Libyan universities”. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention. Vol. 7 (12). pp: 46-52.
Giovanita, D. and Mangundjaya, W. 2017. “Transformational leadership vs. change self-efficacy and its impact on affective commitment to change”. Journal of Management and Marketing Review. Vol. (4), pp: 13-18.
Gravetter, F.J. and Forzano, L.B. 2016. Research methods for the behavioural sciences. Cengage Learning:London.
Guamaradewi, N.G. and Mangundjaya, W.L. 2018. “Dampak kesiapan individu dan kesiapan organisasi untuk berubah bagi komitmen afektif untuk berubah”. Jurnal Manajemen Aset Infrastruktur & Fasilitas. Vol. 2.
http://dx.doi.org/10.12962/j26151847.v2i2.4340
Herscovitch, L. and Meyer, J.P. 2002. “Commitment to organizational change: Extension of a three-component model”. Journal of Applied Psychology. Vol. 87 (3), pp: 474-487. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.87.3.474
Ji, H., Yeo, J., and No, W. 2022. “The varieties of nonprofit organizations and local hazard mitigation efforts”. Journal of Public and Nonprofit Affairs. Vol. 8 (2), pp: 239-259. https://doi.org/10.20899/jpna.8.2.239-259.
Kaplan, Robert M. and Saccuzzo, Dennis P. 2017. Psychological testing: Principles, applications, and issues (9th ed.). Cengage Learning:London.
Khan, A., Muttakin, M.B., and Siddiqui, J. 2013. “Corporate governance and corporate social responsibility disclosures: Evidence from emerging economy”. Journal of Business Ethics. Vol. 114 (2), pp: 207-223.
Lizar, Ayu A., Mangundjaya, Wustari, L.H., and Rachmawan, A. 2015. “The role of psychological capital and psychological empowerment on individual readiness for change”. The Journal of Developing Areas. Vol. 49 (5).
Mahanta, D. and Ahmed, M. 2012. “E-learning objectives, methodologies, tools and its limitation”. International Journal of Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering (IJITEE)”. Vol. 2, pp: 46-51.
Mahendrati, H.A. and Mangundjaya, W.L. 2019. “Individual readiness for change and affective commitment to change: The mediation effect of technology readiness on public sector”. Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research. Vol. 431, pp: 52-59. Proceeding of the 3rd Forum in Research, Science, and Technology (FIRST 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.200407.010
Mangundjaya, Wustari, L.H. 2022. Kepemimpinan perubahan lintas budaya (Change leadership across cultures). Wawasan Ilmu:Banyumas, Jawa Tengah, Indonesia.
Mangundjaya, W.L. 2019a. “Leadership, empowerment, and trust on affective commitment to change in state-owned organizations”. International Journal of Public Sector Performance Management. Vol. 5 (1), pp: 46-62.
https://doi.org/10.1504/ijpspm.2019.10017038
Mangundjaya, W.L. 2019b. “Psychological empowerment as mediator on perceptions of organizational environment with commitment to change”. Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research. Vol. 305, International Conference on Ethics of Business, Economics, and Social Science (ICEBESS 2018), pp: 149-153. https://doi.org/10.2991/icebess-18.2019.27
Mangundjaya, W.L. and Wicaksana, S. 2021. “The linkage of leadership, psychological empowerment, and employee engagement with affective commitment to change: a study at public/state-owned organization”. International Journal of Human Capital. Vol. 5 (2), pp: 71-81. https://doi.org/10.21009/ijhcm.05.02.7
Mangundjaya, W.L. and Gandakusuma, I. 2013. “The role of leadership & readiness for change to commitment to change”. Romanian Economic and Business Review, Vol. 192. http://www.rebe.rau.ro/repec/rau/journl/wi13s/rebe-wi13s-a18.pdf
Mangundjaya, W.L 2013. Affective commitment to change, change leadership, and psychological empowerment. Limited publication. Faculty of Psychology, Universitas Indonesia.
Meyer, J.P., Stanley, D.J., Hercovitch, L., and Topolnytsky, L. 2002. “Affective, continuance, and normative commitment to organization: A meta-analysis of antecedents, correlates, and consequences”. Journal of Vocational Behaviour. Vol. 61 (1), pp: 20-52.
Millessen, J.L. and Carman, G.J. 2019. “Building capacity in nonprofit boards: Learning from board self-assessments”. Journal of Public and Nonprofit Affairs. Vol. 5 (1), pp: 74-94. https://doi.org/10.20899/jpna.5.1.74-94
Muzdalifah, N. and Mangundjaya, W.L. 2019. “Persepsi dukungan organisasi, rasa berdaya psikologis, dan pengaruhnya terhadap keterikatan karyawan pertelevisian (Perceived organizational supports, psychological empowerment and its impacts on employee engagement at the television company”. Mediapsi, Vol. 5 (1), pp: 1-15.
https://doi.org/10.21776/ub.mps.2019.005.01.1
Newstrom, John W. 2007. Organizational behavior: Human behavior at work, (12th ed.). McGraw-Hill:New York.
Nifadkar, R.S. and Dongre, A.P. 2014. “To study the impact of job satisfaction and demographic factors on organizational commitment among girls’ college Pune, India”. Journal of Business Management and Social Sciences Research. Vol. 3 (1), pp: 1-8.
Nora, Elfia and Bukhori, Imam. 2021. “Analysis influences teacher empowerment, job characteristics, and partnerships with school committees on teacher performance roudlatun nasyiin Mojokerto”. Journal of Education and Social Sciences, Vol. 18, Issue 1.
Nunnally, J.C., and Bernstein, Ira H. 1994. Psychometric theory, (3rd ed.). McGraw-Hill: New York.
O’Brien, James A. and Marakas, George M. 2010. Management information systems: Managing information technology in the bussiness enterprise, (15th ed.). McGraw-Hill:New York.
Packard, T. 2012. “Organizational change in nonprofit organizations: Implications for human resource management”. Human Resource Management in the Nonprofit Sector, pp: 221-242. http://dx.doi.org/10.4337/9780857937292.00017
Pettit, T., Donohue, R., and De Cieri, H. 2004. “Career stage, organisational commitment and organizational citizenship behaviour”. Working Paper Series 58/04. Department of Management:Monash University.
Primawidi, S. and Mangundjaya, W.L. 2020. “Organizational justice and affective commitment to change in employees of multifinancial service company”. Jurnal Psikologi Universitas Diponegoro. Vo1. 9 (1), pp: 51-60, https://doi.org/10.14710/jp.19.1.51-60
Puspitasari, D.A. and Mangundjaya, W. 2020. “Leader-member exchange and affective commitment to change: Mediating role of change self-efficacy”. Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research. Vol. 431, pp: 60-65. 3rd Forum in Research, Science, and Technology (FIRST 2019), DOI: http://doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.200407.011
Radian, N.N. and Mangundjaya, W.L. 2019. “Individual readiness for change as mediator between transformational leadership and commitment affective to change”. Jurnal Manajemen Aset Infrastruktur & Fasilitas. Vol. 3 (1). https://dx.doi.org/10.12962/j26151847.v3i1.5158
Robbins, Stephen P., and Judge, Timothy A. 2013. Organizational behaviour. Pearson Education:Boston.
Robinson, M.A. 2017. “Using multi-item psychometric scales for research and practice in human resource management”. Human Resource Management. Vol. 57 (3), 739-750. https://doi.org/10.1002/hrm.21852
Santoso, A.R. and Mangundjaya, W.L. 2018. “Pengaruh persepsi dukungan organisasi terhadap komitmen afektif untuk berubah: Studi kasus pada Kementerian PUPR yang sedang mengalami perubahan reformasi birokrasi”. Jurnal Infrastruktur. Vol. 4 (01), pp: 53-60.
Spreitzer, Gretchen M. 2007. “Taking stock: A review of more than twenty years of research on empowerment at work”. In C. Cooper and J. Barling (eds.), The handbook of organizational behavior. Sage Publications:Thousand Oaks, CA.
Spreitzer, Gretchen M., and Doneson, D. 2005. “Musings on the past and future of employee empowerment”. In T. Cummings (ed.), Handbook of organizational development. Sage Publications:Thousand Oaks, CA.
Stouten, J., Rousseau, D.M., and De Cremer, D. 2018. “Successful organizational change: integrating the management practice and scholarly literatures”. Academy of Management Annals. Vol. 12 (2), pp: 752-788.
https://doi.org/10.5465/annals.2016.0095
Susilo and Mangundjaya, W.L. 2020. “Testing mediation of psychological empowerment, work engagement to affective commitment to change”. Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research. Vol. 431, pp: 66-73. Proceeding of the 3rd Forum in Research, Science, and Technology (FIRST 2019).
Susilo and Mangundjaya, W.L. 2019. “Testing the mediating role of work engagement in the relationship between resistence to change and affective commitment to change”. Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Inclusive Business in the Changing World (ICIB 2019), pp: 151-158. http://doi.org/10.5220/0008428601510158
Thiranavukkawasa, S.J. and Velnampy, T. 2009. “Organizational environment and employee psychological empowerment in the international nongovernmental sector”. Research Gate, pp: 529-540.
Werker, E. and Ahmed, F.Z. 2008. “What do nongovernmental organizations do?” Journal of Economic Perspectives. Vol. 22 (2), pp: 73-92.
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2023-01-16
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Mangundjaya, W. (2023). Age and Educational Level on Psychological Empowerment and Affective Commitment to Change. International Journal of Advanced Multidisciplinary, 1(4), 263–275. https://doi.org/10.38035/ijam.v1i4.111
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