Scoping Review : Perspektif Kesejahteraan Karyawan UMKM
Keywords:
Employee Welfare, Employee Performance, UMKM, ScopingAbstract
Employee welfare is present as an important element for the sustainability and development of an SME. Employees who are well cared for physically and mentally will be able to feel comfortable and prosperous in the workplace. The purpose of this research is to find out more about how the welfare of employees in an SME can affect the sustainability of the SME . This scoping review aims to examine the literature regarding the most relevant and significant aspects of employee welfare, as well as the methods used in related research. This scoping review aims to examine the literature regarding the most relevant and significant aspects of employee welfare, as well as the methods used in related research. This study searches for articles from several databases published between 2010 and 2021. The results show that employee well-being includes four dimensions, namely physical, psychological, social, and work environment. Several methods used in research include surveys, interviews, and observation. The results of the study show that the welfare of employees in a work environment will have a positive effect on various aspects, all of which will lead to the sustainability of SMEs. High morale from employees will be created if the employee is prosperous in the work being carried out.
References
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Aflah, K. N., Suharnomo, S., Mas’ud, F., & Mursid, A. (2021). Islamic Work Ethics and Employee Performance: The Role of Islamic Motivation, Affective Commitment, and Job Satisfaction. Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business, 8(1), 997–1007. https://doi.org/10.13106/jafeb.2021.vol8.no1.997
Agustin Riyan Pratiwi & Febi Firgiyani. (2021). Pengaruh motivasi dan Kesejahteraan Terhadap Semangat Kerja dan Implikasinya Terhadap Kinerja. Perwira Journal of Economics and Business (PJEB), 1(1), 68–78
Ajayi, S. (2018). Effect of stress on employee performance and job satisfaction: A case study of the Nigerian banking industry. Available at SSRN 3160620.
Anitha & Sridharan. (2022). Impact of welfare measures on the quality of worklife of information technology employees with special reference to Chennai City. Journal of Health Sciences, 6(S2)
Ariansyah N. and Airlangga B. (2019). The Effect Of Training, Position Promotion, and Mutation on Employee Performance in PT. Transfashion Indonesia, Journal of World Conference (JWC), 1(1)
Asepta, U. Y., & Maruno, S. H. P. (2017). Analisis pengaruh work-life balance dan pengembangan karir terhadap kepuasan kerja karyawan PT. Telkomsel, TBK Branch Malang. Jurnal Ilmiah Bisnis Dan Ekonomi Asia, 11(2), 77-85.
Brasilio B. and Tridayanti H. (2020). Effect of Direct and Indirect Compensation on Performance of Employees PT. Terminal Petikemas Surabaya, Journal of World Conference (JWC), 2(2)
Betniar Purba. (2020). Analisis Pengaruh Kesejahteraan Karyawan Terhadap Semangat Kerja Karyawan Pada PT. Asuransi Jiwasraya (Persero) Medan. Jurnal Manajemen Dan Bisnis (JMB), 18(2), 150–162. https:// www.nielsen.com/id/id/press-releases/2020/konsumen-digital-menunjukkan-pertumbuhan-tren-positif/
Busro, M. 2018. Manajemen Sumber Daya Manusia In Manajemen Sumber Daya Manusia. In Edisi Revisi Jakarta: Bumi Aksara
BPS. 2018. “Potensi Usaha Mikro Kecil.” : vi + 26 halaman
Damayanti, D., Alamsyah, A. I. S., & Atirah, A. (2023). PERANAN UMKM TERHADAP KESEJAHTERAAN KARYAWAN (Studi Kasus UMKM ISR Bone). Jurnal Asy-Syarikah: Jurnal Lembaga Keuangan, Ekonomi dan Bisnis Islam, 5(1), 48-58.
Darmi., Nuryakin., & Mujtahid. (2022). Social Capital Analysis in Small and Micro Enterprises (SMEs) Management during the Covid-19 Pandemic. JKAP (Jurnal Kebijakan dan Administrasi Publik) Vol.26 (1), May 2022, 47-58 ISSN 0852-9213 (Print), ISSN 2477-4693 (Online) Available Online at https://journal.ugm.ac.id/jkap
Dijkhuizen, J., Gorgievski, M., van Veldhoven, M., & Schalk, R. (2018). Well-Being, Personal Success and Business Performance Among Entrepreneurs: A Two-Wave Study. Journal of Happiness Studies, 19(8), 2187–2204.
Emmah & Teresa. (2022). Influence Of Employee Welfare Practices On Job Satisfaction In Selected Universities In Kenya. International Journal of Social Science and Humanities Research ISSN 2348-3164 (online) Vol. 10, Issue 3,
Eva Ramayani. (2020). Pengaruh Kemampuan Kerja dan Tunjangan Kesejahteraan terhadap Kinerja Pegawai PT.PLN (PERSERO) Rayon Medan Johor [Universitas Medan Area]. http://repository.uma. ac.id/handle/123456789/12318
Fahrullah A. (2018). Pengaruh Kepemimpinan Islami Terhadap Motivasi Kerja Dan Kinerja Karyawan Serta Kesejahteraan Karyawan Rumah Sakit Islam Di Kabupaten Tulungagung Provinsi Jawa Timur, Journal of Islamic Economics, 2(2)
Gitzy K, Silvya M. and Victor P. (2019). Pengaruh Kualitas Kehidupan Kerja Dan Kepercayaan Diri Terhadap Stres Manajemen dan Peningkatan Kinerja Karyawan Hotel Mercure Manado, Jurnal EMBA: Jurnal Riset Ekonomi, Manajemen, Bisnis dan Akuntansi, 7(3)
Hariyati., Nuswantara., Hidayat., & Putikadea. (2023). Management Accounting Information System And Intellectual Capital: A Way To Increase SME’s Business Performance. J u r n a l S i a s a t B i s n i s V o l . 2 7 N o . 1 , 2 0 2 3 , 6 1 - 7 5
Hessels, J., Arampatzi, E., van der Zwan, P., & Burger, M. (2017). Life satisfaction and self-employment in different types of occupations. Applied Economics Letters, 25(11), 734–740. https://doi.org/10.108 0/13504851.2017.1361003
Isrial I., Sunarya P., Tarmizi, R. and Sany M. T. (2020). Pengaruh Motivasi dan Kesejahteraan Terhadap Kinerja Karyawan, Jurnal Manajemen Retail Indonesia, 1(2)
Jena, L.K. and Pradhan, S. (2018). “Conceptualizing and Validating Workplace Belongingness Scale”, Journal of Organizational Change Management, Vol. 31 Issue: 2, pp.451-462, https://doi. org/10.1108/JOCM-05-2017-0195
Julianry, A., Syarief, R., & Affandi, MJ. (2017). Effect of Training and Motivation on Employee Performance and Organizational Performance of the Ministry of Communication and Information. Journal of Business and Management Applications, 3(2), 236–245. https://doi.org/10.17358/jabm.3.2.236
Kaunang, R. M., Parengkuan, T., & Sepang, J.( 2018). Pengaruh Gaya Kepemimpinan Dan Semangat Kerja Terhadap Kinerja Karyawan PT. PLN (Persero) Wilayah Suluttenggo. Jurnal EMBA: Jurnal Riset Ekonomi, Manajemen, Bisnis Dan Akuntansi, 6(4), 2148–2158.
Kuria, P. N. (2012). The effects of employee welfare programs on job satisfaction of employees within the flower industry in Kenya
Kurniawan & Zulbahri, L. (2023). ANALISIS PENGARUH CARRIER DEVELOPMENT DAN EMPLOYEE WELFARE TERHADAP WORKING SPIRIT (Studi Kasus pada SPPBE PT. Gubah Lingkungan Serasi di Kecamatan Batang Anai Kabupaten Padang Pariaman). Ensiklopedia of Journal Vol. 5 No.2 Edisi 1 Januari 2023 http://jurnal.ensiklopediaku.org
Lee, SH, & Nam, JM. (2021). Effects of Entrepreneurial Competencies on Entrepreneurial Satisfaction and Life Satisfaction: Moderator Effect of Person-Job Fit. Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship, 16(4), 85–99.
Lamongi, A., Kindangen, P., & Tumewa, F. (2015). The Importance And Performance Analysis Of Employee Welfare Program Case Study At Pt. Pln (Persero) Region Sulutenggo. Jurnal Berkala Ilmiah Efisiensi Volume 15 No. 05
Levac, D., Colquhoun, H., & O’Brien, K. K. (2010). Scoping studies: advancing the methodology. Implement Sci, 5, 69. doi:10.1186/1748-5908-5-69
Lusy & Devina. (2019). Analysis of Factors That Influence The Sustainability of Businesses of Micro Small And Medium Enterprises (MSMEs). SSRG International Journal of Economics and Management Studies (SSRG-IJEMS) – Volume 6 Issue 10
Maula, L. H., Jamil, S., & Zuana, M. M. (2020). Pengaruh budaya organisasi islami dan kesejahteraan karyawan terhadap kinerja karyawan pada pt. Bank syariah mandiri kantor cabang sidoarjo. Al-Tsiqoh: Jurnal Ekonomi dan Dakwah Islam, 5(1), 80-91.
Nugraha, MBI, & Surya, IBK. (2016). Effects of Compensation, Work Environment, and Job Promotion on Job Satisfaction. E-Journal of Management of Unud, 5(1), 59–87
Nurhamsyah, D., Trisyani, Y., & Nuraeni, A. (2018). Quality of Life of Patients After Acute Myocardial Infarction: A Scoping Review. Journal of Nursing Care, 1(3).
Putera, W., Alimuddin., Yahya, I. L., Magfirah. (2021). Factors that Affect Employee Welfare in Improving Employee Performance at Pt. Semen Indonesia (SIG) Persero TBK. Asian Journal of Social Science and Management Technology ISSN: 2313-7410 Volume 3 Issue 3
Ramadhany, M., Al Habsji, T., & Mukzam, M. D. (2013). Pengaruh Program Kesejahteraan Karyawan terhadap Semangat Kerja Karyawan dan Prestasi Kerja Karyawan. Jurnal Administrasi Bisnis, 1-10.
Rao, P. B. (2019). Role on Safety and Welfare Measures in Organization ; A Case Study ORGANIZATION-A CASE STUDY.
Razak A., Sarpan S. and Ramlan R. (2018). Influence of Promotion and Job Satisfaction on Employee Performance, Journal of Accounting, Business and Finance Research, 3(1)
Putri Retno Wulandari. (2013). Pengaruh Program Kesejahteraan Karyawan terhadap Semangat Kerja Karyawan PT PJB Unit Pembangkitan Gresik. Jurnal Manajerial, 2(1), 27–37.
Sangperm N. and Jermsittiparsert K. (2019). The Effect of Organization Learning Culture, Physical Work Place Environment, Employee Trust, Employee Satisfaction on Employee Performance of Thailand Pharmaceutical Industry, Systematic Reviews in Pharmacy, 10(2)
Sarfiah, Sudati, Hanung Atmaja, and Dian Verawati. (2019). “UMKM Sebagai Pilar Membangun Ekonomi Bangsa.” Jurnal REP (Riset Ekonomi Pembangunan) 4(2): 1– 189.
Sari, R & Sarman, R. (2023). Labor Welfare Affects Employee Performance And Mediated By Work Spirit. Jurnal Riset Bisnis dan Manajemen Volume 16, No. 1
Sudiyarto, dkk. (2020). Creativity, Quality of Work Life, and Innovation Performance: A Study of Traditional Processed Food SMEs. QUALITY Vol. 21, No. 179
Syahropi, I. (2016). Pengaruh Semangat Kerja terhadap Kinerja Karyawan PT. Bangkinang di Pekanbaru (Studi Kasus pada Karyawan Tetap PT Bangkinang. Jom Fisip, 3(2), 1–12.
Tanujaya, W. (2014). Hubungan kepuasan kerja dengan kesejahteraan psikologis (psychological well being) pada karyawan cleaner (studi pada karyawan cleaner yang menerima gaji tidak sesuai standar UMP di PT. Sinergi Integra Services, Jakarta). Jurnal Psikologi Esa Unggul, 12(02), 126322.
Wei Y., Nan H. and Wei G. (2020). The Impact of Employee Welfare on Innovation Performance: Evidence from China's Manufacturing Corporations, International Journal of Production Economics, 228
Yamin M., Sakawati H. and Putri N. (2020). Position Promotion and Employee Performance in The Regional Secretariat of Makassar City, Jurnal Ilmiah Ilmu Administrasi Publik, 9(2)
Zaman Y.andKhattak A. (2017). Impact of H.R practices on employee’s job satisfaction: A Case study from fertilizer industry of Pakistan, Management Science Letters, 7(5), 225-232
Afandi, P. (2018). Manajemen Sumber Daya Manusia (Teori, Konsep dan Indikator). Riau: Zanafa Publishing.
Afif, R & Ginting, H. (2020). A Sense Of Belonging Contribution Towards Employee Performance In Digital Era: A Case In Small And Medium Enterprise (Sme) Indonesia. Journal Sosioteknologi Volume 19, No 2
Aflah, K. N., Suharnomo, S., Mas’ud, F., & Mursid, A. (2021). Islamic Work Ethics and Employee Performance: The Role of Islamic Motivation, Affective Commitment, and Job Satisfaction. Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business, 8(1), 997–1007. https://doi.org/10.13106/jafeb.2021.vol8.no1.997
Agustin Riyan Pratiwi & Febi Firgiyani. (2021). Pengaruh motivasi dan Kesejahteraan Terhadap Semangat Kerja dan Implikasinya Terhadap Kinerja. Perwira Journal of Economics and Business (PJEB), 1(1), 68–78
Ajayi, S. (2018). Effect of stress on employee performance and job satisfaction: A case study of the Nigerian banking industry. Available at SSRN 3160620.
Anitha & Sridharan. (2022). Impact of welfare measures on the quality of worklife of information technology employees with special reference to Chennai City. Journal of Health Sciences, 6(S2)
Ariansyah N. and Airlangga B. (2019). The Effect Of Training, Position Promotion, and Mutation on Employee Performance in PT. Transfashion Indonesia, Journal of World Conference (JWC), 1(1)
Asepta, U. Y., & Maruno, S. H. P. (2017). Analisis pengaruh work-life balance dan pengembangan karir terhadap kepuasan kerja karyawan PT. Telkomsel, TBK Branch Malang. Jurnal Ilmiah Bisnis Dan Ekonomi Asia, 11(2), 77-85.
Brasilio B. and Tridayanti H. (2020). Effect of Direct and Indirect Compensation on Performance of Employees PT. Terminal Petikemas Surabaya, Journal of World Conference (JWC), 2(2)
Betniar Purba. (2020). Analisis Pengaruh Kesejahteraan Karyawan Terhadap Semangat Kerja Karyawan Pada PT. Asuransi Jiwasraya (Persero) Medan. Jurnal Manajemen Dan Bisnis (JMB), 18(2), 150–162. https:// www.nielsen.com/id/id/press-releases/2020/konsumen-digital-menunjukkan-pertumbuhan-tren-positif/
Busro, M. 2018. Manajemen Sumber Daya Manusia In Manajemen Sumber Daya Manusia. In Edisi Revisi Jakarta: Bumi Aksara
BPS. 2018. “Potensi Usaha Mikro Kecil.” : vi + 26 halaman
Damayanti, D., Alamsyah, A. I. S., & Atirah, A. (2023). PERANAN UMKM TERHADAP KESEJAHTERAAN KARYAWAN (Studi Kasus UMKM ISR Bone). Jurnal Asy-Syarikah: Jurnal Lembaga Keuangan, Ekonomi dan Bisnis Islam, 5(1), 48-58.
Darmi., Nuryakin., & Mujtahid. (2022). Social Capital Analysis in Small and Micro Enterprises (SMEs) Management during the Covid-19 Pandemic. JKAP (Jurnal Kebijakan dan Administrasi Publik) Vol.26 (1), May 2022, 47-58 ISSN 0852-9213 (Print), ISSN 2477-4693 (Online) Available Online at https://journal.ugm.ac.id/jkap
Dijkhuizen, J., Gorgievski, M., van Veldhoven, M., & Schalk, R. (2018). Well-Being, Personal Success and Business Performance Among Entrepreneurs: A Two-Wave Study. Journal of Happiness Studies, 19(8), 2187–2204.
Emmah & Teresa. (2022). Influence Of Employee Welfare Practices On Job Satisfaction In Selected Universities In Kenya. International Journal of Social Science and Humanities Research ISSN 2348-3164 (online) Vol. 10, Issue 3,
Eva Ramayani. (2020). Pengaruh Kemampuan Kerja dan Tunjangan Kesejahteraan terhadap Kinerja Pegawai PT.PLN (PERSERO) Rayon Medan Johor [Universitas Medan Area]. http://repository.uma. ac.id/handle/123456789/12318
Fahrullah A. (2018). Pengaruh Kepemimpinan Islami Terhadap Motivasi Kerja Dan Kinerja Karyawan Serta Kesejahteraan Karyawan Rumah Sakit Islam Di Kabupaten Tulungagung Provinsi Jawa Timur, Journal of Islamic Economics, 2(2)
Gitzy K, Silvya M. and Victor P. (2019). Pengaruh Kualitas Kehidupan Kerja Dan Kepercayaan Diri Terhadap Stres Manajemen dan Peningkatan Kinerja Karyawan Hotel Mercure Manado, Jurnal EMBA: Jurnal Riset Ekonomi, Manajemen, Bisnis dan Akuntansi, 7(3)
Hariyati., Nuswantara., Hidayat., & Putikadea. (2023). Management Accounting Information System And Intellectual Capital: A Way To Increase SME’s Business Performance. J u r n a l S i a s a t B i s n i s V o l . 2 7 N o . 1 , 2 0 2 3 , 6 1 - 7 5
Hessels, J., Arampatzi, E., van der Zwan, P., & Burger, M. (2017). Life satisfaction and self-employment in different types of occupations. Applied Economics Letters, 25(11), 734–740. https://doi.org/10.108 0/13504851.2017.1361003
Isrial I., Sunarya P., Tarmizi, R. and Sany M. T. (2020). Pengaruh Motivasi dan Kesejahteraan Terhadap Kinerja Karyawan, Jurnal Manajemen Retail Indonesia, 1(2)
Jena, L.K. and Pradhan, S. (2018). “Conceptualizing and Validating Workplace Belongingness Scale”, Journal of Organizational Change Management, Vol. 31 Issue: 2, pp.451-462, https://doi. org/10.1108/JOCM-05-2017-0195
Julianry, A., Syarief, R., & Affandi, MJ. (2017). Effect of Training and Motivation on Employee Performance and Organizational Performance of the Ministry of Communication and Information. Journal of Business and Management Applications, 3(2), 236–245. https://doi.org/10.17358/jabm.3.2.236
Kaunang, R. M., Parengkuan, T., & Sepang, J.( 2018). Pengaruh Gaya Kepemimpinan Dan Semangat Kerja Terhadap Kinerja Karyawan PT. PLN (Persero) Wilayah Suluttenggo. Jurnal EMBA: Jurnal Riset Ekonomi, Manajemen, Bisnis Dan Akuntansi, 6(4), 2148–2158.
Kuria, P. N. (2012). The effects of employee welfare programs on job satisfaction of employees within the flower industry in Kenya
Kurniawan & Zulbahri, L. (2023). ANALISIS PENGARUH CARRIER DEVELOPMENT DAN EMPLOYEE WELFARE TERHADAP WORKING SPIRIT (Studi Kasus pada SPPBE PT. Gubah Lingkungan Serasi di Kecamatan Batang Anai Kabupaten Padang Pariaman). Ensiklopedia of Journal Vol. 5 No.2 Edisi 1 Januari 2023 http://jurnal.ensiklopediaku.org
Lee, SH, & Nam, JM. (2021). Effects of Entrepreneurial Competencies on Entrepreneurial Satisfaction and Life Satisfaction: Moderator Effect of Person-Job Fit. Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship, 16(4), 85–99.
Lamongi, A., Kindangen, P., & Tumewa, F. (2015). The Importance And Performance Analysis Of Employee Welfare Program Case Study At Pt. Pln (Persero) Region Sulutenggo. Jurnal Berkala Ilmiah Efisiensi Volume 15 No. 05
Levac, D., Colquhoun, H., & O’Brien, K. K. (2010). Scoping studies: advancing the methodology. Implement Sci, 5, 69. doi:10.1186/1748-5908-5-69
Lusy & Devina. (2019). Analysis of Factors That Influence The Sustainability of Businesses of Micro Small And Medium Enterprises (MSMEs). SSRG International Journal of Economics and Management Studies (SSRG-IJEMS) – Volume 6 Issue 10
Maula, L. H., Jamil, S., & Zuana, M. M. (2020). Pengaruh budaya organisasi islami dan kesejahteraan karyawan terhadap kinerja karyawan pada pt. Bank syariah mandiri kantor cabang sidoarjo. Al-Tsiqoh: Jurnal Ekonomi dan Dakwah Islam, 5(1), 80-91.
Nugraha, MBI, & Surya, IBK. (2016). Effects of Compensation, Work Environment, and Job Promotion on Job Satisfaction. E-Journal of Management of Unud, 5(1), 59–87
Nurhamsyah, D., Trisyani, Y., & Nuraeni, A. (2018). Quality of Life of Patients After Acute Myocardial Infarction: A Scoping Review. Journal of Nursing Care, 1(3).
Putera, W., Alimuddin., Yahya, I. L., Magfirah. (2021). Factors that Affect Employee Welfare in Improving Employee Performance at Pt. Semen Indonesia (SIG) Persero TBK. Asian Journal of Social Science and Management Technology ISSN: 2313-7410 Volume 3 Issue 3
Ramadhany, M., Al Habsji, T., & Mukzam, M. D. (2013). Pengaruh Program Kesejahteraan Karyawan terhadap Semangat Kerja Karyawan dan Prestasi Kerja Karyawan. Jurnal Administrasi Bisnis, 1-10.
Rao, P. B. (2019). Role on Safety and Welfare Measures in Organization ; A Case Study ORGANIZATION-A CASE STUDY.
Razak A., Sarpan S. and Ramlan R. (2018). Influence of Promotion and Job Satisfaction on Employee Performance, Journal of Accounting, Business and Finance Research, 3(1)
Putri Retno Wulandari. (2013). Pengaruh Program Kesejahteraan Karyawan terhadap Semangat Kerja Karyawan PT PJB Unit Pembangkitan Gresik. Jurnal Manajerial, 2(1), 27–37.
Sangperm N. and Jermsittiparsert K. (2019). The Effect of Organization Learning Culture, Physical Work Place Environment, Employee Trust, Employee Satisfaction on Employee Performance of Thailand Pharmaceutical Industry, Systematic Reviews in Pharmacy, 10(2)
Sarfiah, Sudati, Hanung Atmaja, and Dian Verawati. (2019). “UMKM Sebagai Pilar Membangun Ekonomi Bangsa.” Jurnal REP (Riset Ekonomi Pembangunan) 4(2): 1– 189.
Sari, R & Sarman, R. (2023). Labor Welfare Affects Employee Performance And Mediated By Work Spirit. Jurnal Riset Bisnis dan Manajemen Volume 16, No. 1
Sudiyarto, dkk. (2020). Creativity, Quality of Work Life, and Innovation Performance: A Study of Traditional Processed Food SMEs. QUALITY Vol. 21, No. 179
Syahropi, I. (2016). Pengaruh Semangat Kerja terhadap Kinerja Karyawan PT. Bangkinang di Pekanbaru (Studi Kasus pada Karyawan Tetap PT Bangkinang. Jom Fisip, 3(2), 1–12.
Tanujaya, W. (2014). Hubungan kepuasan kerja dengan kesejahteraan psikologis (psychological well being) pada karyawan cleaner (studi pada karyawan cleaner yang menerima gaji tidak sesuai standar UMP di PT. Sinergi Integra Services, Jakarta). Jurnal Psikologi Esa Unggul, 12(02), 126322.
Wei Y., Nan H. and Wei G. (2020). The Impact of Employee Welfare on Innovation Performance: Evidence from China's Manufacturing Corporations, International Journal of Production Economics, 228
Yamin M., Sakawati H. and Putri N. (2020). Position Promotion and Employee Performance in The Regional Secretariat of Makassar City, Jurnal Ilmiah Ilmu Administrasi Publik, 9(2)
Zaman Y.andKhattak A. (2017). Impact of H.R practices on employee’s job satisfaction: A Case study from fertilizer industry of Pakistan, Management Science Letters, 7(5), 225-232
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Published
2023-04-26
How to Cite
Suryo Prakoso, A. ., & Sopiah, S. (2023). Scoping Review : Perspektif Kesejahteraan Karyawan UMKM. Jurnal Ilmu Multidisplin, 2(1), 1–14. Retrieved from https://greenpub.org/JIM/article/view/189
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